A year and a half after first publicly unveiling their new 3D XPoint non-volatile memory technology, Intel is launching the first product incorporating the new memory. The Intel Optane SSD DC P4800X is an enterprise PCIe 3 x4 NVMe SSD that Intel promises will be the the most responsive data center SSD with lower latency than all of the fastest NAND flash based competitors. After months of touting 3D XPoint memory primarily with rough order of magnitude claims about its performance, endurance and cost relative to DRAM and NAND flash, and after some unexplained delays, Intel is finally providing some concrete specifications and pricing for a complete SSD that is shipping today. The information is more limited than we're accustomed to for their NAND flash SSDs, and Intel still isn't confirming anything about the materials or exact operating principle of the 3D XPoint memory cell.

Current computer system architectures are based around the use of DRAM as working memory and NAND flash for fast storage. 3D XPoint memory falls between the two technologies on most important metrics, so Optane SSDs bring a new dimension of complication to a server architect's task. For most enterprise use cases, the most enticing feature of Optane SSDs over NAND SSDs is the former's higher performance, especially reduced latencies. Aside from the gains from switching to the NVMe protocol, the latency offered by NAND flash based SSDs has been mostly stagnant or even regressed with the disappearance of SLC NAND from the market, even as throughput and capacity have grown with every generation.

The Intel Optane SSD DC P4800X is rated for a typical read or write latency under 10µs, compared to tens of microseconds for the best NAND flash based SSDs, and about 4µs minimum imposed by PCIe and NVMe transaction overhead. More impressive is how little latency degrades under less than ideal conditions. Queue depth 1 random reads are rated to remain below 30µs even while the drive is simultaneously accepting 2GB/s of sustained random writes (about 500k IOPS). Intel even specifies Quality of Service (QoS) standards for latency at the 99.999th percentile, with even QD16 random writes staying almost entirely below 200µs. A consequence of the low latency is that the P4800X can deliver full throughput at lower queue depths: the P4800X is rated to deliver maximum IOPS at QD16 while flash-based SSDs are specified for queue depths of at least 32. Unlike flash memory, the read and write performance of 3D XPoint memory is roughly equal, and this is reflected in Intel's specifications for the P4800X.

Conspicuously missing from the performance specifications are sequential throughput. The P4800X can already use more than half of the available PCIe bandwidth with a completely random I/O workload. Rather than reassure us that the P4800X can do even better with larger transfer sizes, Intel suggests that being overly concerned with the sequential transfer speeds is a sign that you should be shopping for their 3D NAND SSDs instead. They'll offer plenty of throughput for a far lower price.

Intel's 3D XPoint memory is being manufactured as a 128Gb (16GB) die, slightly behind the trend for NAND flash capacities. As a result, the Optane SSD DC P4800X will start with a 375GB model and later this year be followed by 750GB and 1.5TB models. The top-performing enterprise SSDs currently tend to be multi-TB drives. Intel has shared very few details about the new controller they've developed for the P4800X, but they have disclosed that the 375GB model uses seven channels with four dies per channel, for a total of 28 chips and a raw capacity of 448GB. Fourteen packages of 3D XPoint memory are visible on the back side of the drive in the photographs Intel has released, suggesting that fourteen more packages are hiding under the heatsink and that the 375GB add-in card model is using single-die packages. The controller implements a high-performance all-hardware read path that does not involve the drive's firmware, and while the exact stride of memory accesses is not known, a single 4k read will be spread across all seven channels.

3D XPoint memory can be read or written with byte granularity and modifications can be written in place, so it is free from the worst internal fragmentation and write amplification challenges that are caused by the large page sizes and huge erase block sizes of NAND flash. This means that further overprovisioning beyond the drive's native amount will have minimal impact on performance and that the performance of a full drive should not suffer severely the way flash based SSDs do. However, some amount of spare area is still required for error correction and other metadata and for a pool of spare blocks to replace failed or defective blocks. The write endurance of 3D XPoint memory is not infinite so wear leveling is still required, but it is a much simpler process that requires much less spare area.

The Intel Optane SSD DC P4800X has a write endurance rating of 30 Drive Writes Per Day, and Intel is hopeful that future products can offer even higher ratings once 3D XPoint memory has more broadly proven its reliability. Today's limited release 375GB models have a three year warranty for a total write endurance rating of 12.3 PB, and once the product line is expanded to broad availability of the full range of capacities in the second half of this year the warranty period will be five years.

Intel is offering the 375GB P4800X in PCIe add-in card form factor with a MSRP of $1520 starting today with a limited early-ship program. In Q2 a 375GB U.2 model will ship, as well as a 750GB add-in card. In the second half of the year the rest of the capacity and form factor options will be available, but prices and exact release dates for those models have not been announced. At just over $4/GB the P4800X seems to fall much closer to DRAM than NAND in price, though to be fair the enterprise SSDs it will compete against are all well over $1/GB and the largest DDR4 DIMMs are around $10/GB.

Intel Optane SSD DC P4800X Specifications
Capacity 375 GB 750 GB 1.5 TB
Form Factor PCIe HHHL or 2.5" 15mm U.2
Interface PCIe 3.0 x4 NVMe
Controller Intel unnamed
Memory 128Gb 20nm Intel 3D XPoint
Typical Latency (R/W) <10µs
Random Read (4 KB) IOPS (QD16) 550k TBA TBA
Random Read 99.999% Latency (QD1) 60µs TBA TBA
Random Read 99.999% Latency (QD16) 150µs TBA TBA
Random Write (4 KB) IOPS (QD16) 500k TBA TBA
Random Write 99.999% Latency (QD1) 100µs TBA TBA
Random Write 99.999% Latency (QD16) 200µs TBA TBA
Endurance 30 DWPD
Warranty 5 years (3 years during early limited release)
MSRP $1520 TBA TBA
Release Date March 19 (HHHL)
Q2 2017 (U.2)
Q2 2017 (HHHL)
2H 2017 (U.2)
2H 2017

 

Intel Memory Drive Technology

Along with the DC P4800X, Intel is launching Intel Memory Drive Technology software as a paid add-on. The Memory Drive Technology software is a custom virtual memory system implemented as a minimal hypervisor. The guest operating system or general-purpose hypervisor is presented with the illusion that a portion of the 3D XPoint memory on the Optane SSD is directly addressable, producing an apparent memory capacity that far exceeds the capacity of the system's installed DRAM. Under the hood and almost entirely transparent to the guest OS, Intel Memory Drive Technology monitors memory access patterns to cache actively used data in DRAM and prefetch from Optane SSDs. At a high level, this is merely duplicating the paging mechanisms all operating systems already provide. However, Intel claims that the heuristics used by Memory Drive Technology can far outperform those currently used by operating systems to manage swap space residing on storage that is far slower than Optane SSDs. On some workloads Intel Memory Drive Technology can offer performance approaching that of an all-DRAM memory pool of equal capacity, though this will depend highly on the specific application workload.

Intel Memory Drive Technology has a substantial capacity overhead: a 375GB Optane SSD can provide up to 320GB of virtual memory. Multiple Optane SSDs can be used to provide virtual memory up to ten times the system's DRAM capacity, though Intel recommends Optane to DRAM ratios between 3:1 and 8:1. When multiple CPUs or Optane SSDs are in use, the Memory Drive Technology software will take into account non-uniform memory access (NUMA) effects and attempt to optimize data placement to put data in the DRAM or Optane SSD that is closest to the core using it. By default, the Memory Drive Technology software will present to the guest OS a NUMA topology equivalent to the underlying DRAM configuration plus a pool of memory that is not local to any of the processors, with capacity equal to the virtual memory provided by the Optane SSDs. However, this is implemented purely for the sake of allowing NUMA-aware software to adapt its usage patterns; regardless of the NUMA configuration seen by the guest software, the Memory Drive Technology software will not be statically allocating specific address ranges to DRAM or Optane storage. The approach taken by the Memory Drive Technology software allows operating systems and applications to function without modification and without requiring Optane-specific optimizations, but it also means there is no way for applications that are NUMA-aware or use system calls like madvise to communicate directly with the real memory allocator.

The full licensing cost structure for Intel Memory Drive Technology is not clear, but the MSRP for a 375GB P4800X bundled with Memory Drive Technology is $1951 compared to $1520 for the SSD alone. The Memory Drive Technology hypervisor must be booted from a USB device or an IDE-compatible storage controller, and the guest operating system cannot be booted in UEFI mode. Intel Xeon E5-x6xx v2 or later and E7- x8xx v2 or later processors are supported.

Future 3D XPoint-based Optane products on Intel's roadmap include Optane Memory cache drives for the client/consumer segment, due in Q2 of this year. They will also be followed by larger Optane SSDs for the client market. DIMMs featuring 3D XPoint memory are planned for 2018.

Source: Intel

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  • ddriver - Monday, March 20, 2017 - link

    Nah, we are just competent, whereas the clueless chumps like you buy the 1000x better hype. The 1000x better turned out to be about 2x better than pre-existing tech 1/5 the price.

    2x better at 5x the price. Groundbreaking. Upcoming gen SSDs will easily match that at much better prices, therefore offering far superior value.
  • drajitshnew - Monday, March 20, 2017 - link

    "Because it is Intel". They should be in India. Go to amazon.in, you will find that intel 600p costs MORE than Samsung 960 evo and twice as much as MydidigitalSsd BPXe. All for the same 512 GB
  • wyewye - Monday, March 20, 2017 - link

    Indeed what a disappointment. They promised a revolution, instead we got a minor increment. At cheap price. For a revolutionary product I would had expect way higher prices than 1500$.

    It looks that Intel is learning from AMD's strategy. Its sad.
  • Chaitanya - Sunday, March 19, 2017 - link

    Looks like hype train has seriously crashed on the whole Optane technology. I thought it was going to end up a Vaporware.
  • Drumsticks - Sunday, March 19, 2017 - link

    Has it really though? Sure, the performance of an actual drive is well short of the actual memory, but for 3-4x more than an SSD, you're getting better endurance, a DRAMish mode, and SIGNIFICANTLY better consistency and latency.

    It may not be the showstopper they wanted, but it certainly has a place, and 3D Xpoint v2 will likely be even more impressive.
  • willis936 - Sunday, March 19, 2017 - link

    It's nothing without intel dedicating pins to a new bus without the PCIe limitations. Everything else is a gimped cheap imitation of their initial promise.
  • ddriver - Sunday, March 19, 2017 - link

    "you're getting better endurance, a DRAMish mode, and SIGNIFICANTLY better consistency and latency"

    But do you really?

    It is quite easy to create benchmarks that focus on showcasing particular uarch improvements, but that rare translates in real world improvements, if ever.

    It would be foolish to expect that intel's marketing benches will reflect real world scenarios, even more so after they got cough over-hyping and over-pimping it.

    Or maybe when intel meant "better than SSD" they meant "better than our pathetic p600". As I have mentioned repeatedly, NAND based SSDs based on existing process, technology and implementation have tremendous potential for performance increase that is yet untapped, simply because there is no need to. If the industry chooses to, it could easily make an SSD 10 times faster than the best we have today, and they could make it tomorrow, and it won't cost as much as intel is charging for Hypetane.
  • Drumsticks - Sunday, March 19, 2017 - link

    I like to think that if an SSD that was 10 times faster than what we have today, costing less than Optane (3-4x pricier than other Enterprise), one of the many competitors in the world probably would have done it.

    Internet comments are often worth more than the billions of R&D spent by Intel, Micron, Samsung, and countless others. You should let them know they're leaving 10x more performance on the table and they can have it tomorrow for <4x more price. I bet they'd give you royalties, too.
  • ddriver - Sunday, March 19, 2017 - link

    They are not leaving it on the table. They are leaving it so they offer it drop by drop over the course of many years. 10 times faster would be easy, and would have negligibly higher cost per gigabyte. You could do a 100x just as well. But why bother, nobody can utilize that, there is no hardware to support it, and the enterprise is still capable of getting that and more by means of parallelism and increased availability.

    It is quite foolish to believe the industry puts the best it has, or could do on the table. Barely incremental is their usual game, and they rarely take a break from it.
  • woggs - Monday, March 20, 2017 - link

    Uhg. Companies deliver their best and then charge for it unless there is NO competition. Nobody holds back.

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